本文是一篇國際貿易論文，這項研究數據分析表明，大多數國際交易商的大部分貿易交易和相關文件均依賴于兩家或三家銀行（見表4.2）。參考層次回歸模型，研究人員發現，銀行向貿易交易商發放信用證對國際貿易的發展有積極貢獻。研究數據（表4.6）統計表明，信用證繳款單位為0.287。（0.287，p<0.05）。這意味著信用證在很大程度上是支持國際貿易的必要憑證。因此，所有銀行必須準確有效地提供所需的標準化信用證。
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Banks are key facilitators of international trade and domestic trade. In addition to providing liquidity,  they  guarantee  payment  for  around  a  fifth  of  world  trade.  For  instance,  the Financial  Trade  Authority  (2013)  reported  that  trade  finance  is  a  key  component  in maintaining a competitive and productive economy. Banks are the lifeline of business transactions because more than 90 percent of transactions involve some form of credit, insurance,  or  guarantee  (International  Trade  Center,  2009).  Banks  are  the  global barometer of economic wellbeing and business trends. According to Kagunda (2017), advancement in the banking sector has led to international trade risks, ease transactions, increased communication gaps and transformed many exports and imports complication. Extensive  literature  evidence  indicates  that  more  excellent  domestic  financial development and access to finance can facilitate international trade. It is a fact to suggest that  banks  aid  international  trade  with  guarantees  on  international  payments,  thus reducing the risk of trade transactions.
Understanding how banking institutions affect  country and firms' internationalization is central to international business. Nowadays, international trade has become inevitable both for companies, individuals and governments (Susmus & Ozgur Baslangic, 2015). Banks represent an essential category of the global transaction services organizations, which  embody  important  aspects  of  the  institutional  environment  and  are  important contributors to international business growth (Eriksson et al., 2017). Banks play a critical role  in  international  trade  by  providing  trade  finance  products  that  reduce  the  risk  of exporting  (Friederike  &  Schmidt,  2014).   Eriksson  et  al.  (2017)  argued  that  banks specialize in screening and monitoring economic agents and supply firms with credit and other financial services. Banks' involvement in international trade is crucial since they facilitate payments and the security of transactions. Domestic banks' representation for home countries and firms is critical to international trade (export and imports). Especially nowadays,  the  international  business  has  become  inevitable  both  for  companies  and governments (Susmus & Ozgur Baslangic, 2015). 
1.2 Problem statement
As  all  well-established  banks  do,  Tanzania  banks  provide  specialized,  value-added services as a way of growing suitability, tapping a broader market, improve services, and reducing the cost of services. The banks in Tanzania are expected to deliver and support international trade in the foreign exchange marketplace. Multinational commercial banks perform vital roles such as currency conversion, provision of insurance, guarantors, etc. In the quest of international trade commercialization, financial payments and other duties are carried out by banks. Banks, MNOs, and other non-bank institutions have introduced financial  transaction  services  available  in  industrialized  and,  increasingly,  emerging economies.  Among  the  services  are  domestic  and  international  money  transfers (remittances); deposits and withdrawals; bill and retail payments; payroll services, loan disbursements; repayments and stock exchange trading; and even electronic currencies (Iman, 2018). 
Despite the necessity and crucial roles played by banks in international trade, the higher prices of goods, shortages in commodities, and complaints from exporters and imports, there is a deficiency of clarity on how banks influence or support international trade. Given this, research on banks' impact on international business in Tanzania is still relevant. Such empirical studies could serve as a reference for policymakers and interested researchers while boosting inter banks practices.
Chapter 2 Literature Review 
2.1 Literature Search
The search for quality literature review is  paramount to research studies.  This section describes the relevant previous studies about the topic and reviews them chronologically. The  literature  is  categorized  into  theoretical  and  empirical  reviews,  which  cover  the academic background and the study model, overview of international trade, international trade theories, banks' role, and contribution to international trade. Again, the literature search was done using these keywords;  international trade, trade finance, trade theories, banks participation in international trade, letter of credit, document collection and others.  Furthermore, articles or papers were downloaded from credible databases and journals, books (Zhejiang University of Science and Technology digital library,  Elsevier,  Springer,  International  Journal  for  business  and  economic  database, emerald insight, researchable, google scholar, sage publications, etc.). The process for the literature review is explained in table 2.1.  2.2 Empirical Review
This  section  presents  previous  research  studies,  their  findings,  conclusions  and perspective  on  banks  and  international  trade.  The  concepts  within  the  topic  under investigation are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. 
Overview of international trade
No  country  can  exist  in  isolation,  international  cooperation  and  trade  antecedent  of economic power and growth, and industrialization. The unequal distributions of resources and globalization have resulted in interdependency among nations. Because of this, both the developed and developing nations engage in international trade. Tian et al. (2018) asserted that nations seek out the business to aid in their economic development, and countries  seek  out  a  share  of  the  "trade  pie".  Global  trade  has  led  to  international economic  integration  that  systemically  links  nations,  and  plays  an  important  role  in affecting sustainable economic development and ecological dynamics amongst nations (Jomo  and  Rudiger,  2009).  International  trade  flows  are  associated  with  comparative advantages for nations and regions. 
International trade refers to the transfer of goods and services, including capital goods from one country to another. This definition is agreed by Economics Concepts (2012) who defines it as trade across international borders. In most countries, this trade A large share of gross domestic product. While international trade has been present throughout history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Therefore,  nations  would  be  limited  to  the  goods  and  services  produced  within  their borders without international trade. However, Economics Concept (2012) adds that the difference between international trade and domestic trade is that this type of trade is more costly  than  domestic  trade. 
Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundation and Methodology ................................ 38
3.1 Transactional cost theory ............................... 38
3.2. Measurement of variables .................................. 40
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion ................................. 48
4.1 Respondents background Statistics ........................................... 48
4.2 Banks contribution to international trade in Tanzania .......................... 50
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Prospects ................................. 86
5.1 Conclusion ............................... 86
5.2 Recommendations .............................. 88
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Respondents background Statistics
The study discovers the background characteristics of all the participants. Some of the details include gender, age of the respondents, educational level,  years in service and asset of business in Tanzania Shilling  Table  4.1  revealed  that  more  males  (64.1%)  were  represented  than  females  (35.9%). These results confirmed the majority of the respondents are male. A greater proportion of the participants are within 26-35 years, representing 80.3%, with 2.2% representing 46-60 years of age. In terms of respondents' educational achievement level, it is found that 139 participants, which constitute 62.3% were bachelor degree holders, 26% were diploma, and the postgraduates were 11.7%. 
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Prospects
5.1 Conclusion
This study involved 223 participants, who are mainly international trade dealer, financial sector employees from various banks in Tanzania and other custom or foreign bureau department. The researcher applied descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, multiple and logistics regression model to examine the contribution of banks to international trade in the country.
First, the data analysis reported that majority of international dealers depend on averagely two or three banks for most of their trade transactions and related documents (see table 4.2). Referring to the hierarchical regression model, the researcher discovered that banks giving  out  letter  of  credit  to  trade  dealers  positively  contribute  to  the  development  of international trade. The study data (table 4.6) statistically suggest that the letter of credit unit  of  contribution  is  0.287.  (0.287,  p  <  0.05).  This  means  that  letter  of  credit  is significantly  a  necessary  document  that  support  international  trade.  All  banks  must therefore provide the needed and standardized LC accurately and effectively.
Under  today  international  trade  activities,  document  collection  is  still  relevant  despite increase  in  advance  technology  that  speed  up  foreign  trade  process.  Yet,  document collection is vital to complete the trade cycle procedure. Interestingly, the study observed that DC and international trade is positively related. 
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